Tuesday, December 31, 2019

The Economic System Of Capitalism - 1639 Words

The Industrial Revolution in Western Europe provided the context for economists and political writers of the nineteenth century to promote three different economic plans designed to meet the needs of workers and entrepreneurs. Capitalism was first proposed by Adam Smith as a reform plan for the existing economic system of mercantilism. The major tenets of capitalism included: free enterprise, competition at every level, and private property. Although there were many advantages including new inventions and rewarding excellence there were also disadvantages including how harsh people were treated where they worked and people making up others privileges. The economic system of capitalism was implemented in India with the British East India Company during the seventeen and eighteen hundreds. It was unsuccessful because it became corrupt, abusive of workers, and was ultimately replaced because of revolts. The economic system of capitalism did not address the needs of both entrepreneurs an d workers because the workers didn’t ask to be abused like they were and the entrepreneurs sort of did because they got to run their business how they wanted to. (#1#6)The Industrial Revolution provided the historical context for a new economic plan, capitalism, which was promoted by Adam Smith. The Industrial Revolution was not a single event but a complex process that unfolded over a span of many decades. The Industrial Revolution first appeared in Great Britain. It then moved into WesternShow MoreRelatedCapitalism And The Economic System Of Capitalism1820 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout history, Capitalism in America has been proven to be simply the greatest economic system that brings people from nothing to something. This system has allowed America to grant opportunities to millions of people from all different backgrounds that Socialism and Communism could not duplicate. Individuals, under Capitalism, take a chance and either fail or succeed with money, time, and hard work put in to achieve their goal. Those who are unsuccessful their first try continuously get backRead MoreCapitalism And The Economic System Essay1766 Words   |  8 Pages In a Capitalistic economic system, a country’s industry and trade are controlled by private owners instead of the state. It allows consumer’s choice in which goods and services are produced based on demand. A Capitalist system gives all its members a chance to become great business owners. No matter where you start in life or what your gender, race, and political views are; Capitalism gives everyone an opportunity to make it big. The United State’s economy became predominately capitalist by theRead MoreEconomic Systems: Capitalism Essay1400 Words   |  6 PagesCapitalism Capitalism is an economic system characterized by the private ownership of the means of production, and where production is guided and income distributed largely through the operation of markets. The objective of a capitalist society is to gain profit. Some of its strengths of living inside a Capitalistic economy are the incentive for innovation, efficiency, and economic growth. Unlike socialism, there are opportunities to invent new products for areas of demand, to raise quality,Read MoreIndustrial Capitalism And The Economic System1433 Words   |  6 Pages1873 HIST 101 Industrial capitalism is defined when the economic system is based on trading products and operations for profit. This allowed people to have their private property, wage labor, a price system and created competitive markets. Behind the Panic of 1873, the American society was heavily relied on mercantile capitalism. Mercantile capitalism is the earliest capitalism to be ever created in the development of capitalism as an economic system. Mercantile capitalism is heavily dependent onRead MoreCapitalism Is An Economic And Political System1684 Words   |  7 Pages Capitalism is an economic and political system in which a country s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. This leads to the constant competition within companies to make more profit. There are three characteristics of capitalism: Goods and services are privately held, limited government intervention, and prices are determined by supply and demand [Farrell 2015]. Due to ca pitalism companies are forced to make questionable decisions in order toRead MoreAmerican Capitalism And The Economic System1324 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican capitalist economic system makes it very difficult, if not impossible, for the impoverished to escape poverty. Capitalism is the best of the economic systems because it promotes innovation, productivity, and progress. But the American version of capitalism that exists today does the exact opposite. American capitalism promotes stagnation or even regression because it is hard for an economy or a country to thrive when a small group of people hold so much wealth. Capitalism by definition is:Read MoreEconomic Systems, Capitalism And Socialism1829 Words   |  8 PagesEconomic Systems People can use economic systems to build empires and destroy civilizations. The society s featured in the books 1984 by George Orwell and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury did just that. Both took advantage of some form of an economic system to achieve their respective goals. Whether it be the command economy of Oceania, or the overly consumerist economy of the dystopian United States, they both employed economics to their benefit. Economics is the science of scarcity. Scarcity isRead MoreCapitalism And Social And Economic Systems1761 Words   |  8 Pagesseparates us from the majority of the animal world is our management of social and economic systems. While many political, economic, and social systems attempt to get rid of this form of natural selection, capitalism and related economic structures conserve social inconsistencies in many forms. Based on history, this conservation of financial inequality has attained a better standard of living overall than the systems were originally created for just that. The financial benefits and luxuries of theRead MoreEconomic Systems: Socialism and Capitalism Essay1018 Words   |  5 Pagesmerits of socialism vs. capitalism, the chief debates that come up are †¢ What would happen if we remove the stimulus for innovation and productivity that a free market generates? This implies having a free market including individual ownership and control, and to varying degrees a laissez-faire government. †¢ Would it be possible to have a thriving society in which we would not have 20% of the population living in poverty and without adequate healthcare, housing or economic security? FundamentallyRead MoreEconomic Systems: Capitalism, Communism and Socialism814 Words   |  3 PagesEconomic Systems 04/22/2014 Throughout history, nations or regions have supported different economic systems. Economic systems control the political economy, markets, consumer and public economics, national income, natural resources and other aspects. The economic systems lead the country towards its flourished and depraved situations. The systems also provide the type of business and government imposed on the societies and the country. Some of the economic systems are capitalism, communism

Monday, December 23, 2019

Analysis Of Henry David Thoreau s Walden - 861 Words

To understand and face death head on is to understand how to live. Buddhist followers believe in a bird that sits on their shoulder and tells them whether or not they are going to live or die each day; no one knows when he or she is going to die. If you knew you were going to die tomorrow would you live differently? Henry David Thoreau in an excerpt of his book Walden addresses complex philosophical ideas including death, simplifying everyday life and religion using: carefully chosen, meditative word choice, comparisons and other philosophies and stories intended for the audience of Concord during the 1800’s. Death is uncertain; no one survives to tell of the other side, yet it perpetuates life into existence. Thoreau compares living life to sculpting and that to â€Å"carve† life is the â€Å"highest art.† His comparison of how a person chooses to life their life instantly evokes an image in the audience’s head of â€Å"carving† their life and maki ng sure that the product is truly beautiful. This is one of Thoreau’s attacks of the mundane and stale lives that humans seem to live in America during the 1800’s. Transcendentalist, specifically Emerson, believe that â€Å"imitation is suicide,† each individual’s life is important and unique to them. Society is only going to ruin the pure souls of individuals. One of Thoreau’s most memorable ideas is that humans live like â€Å"ants† and their lives are â€Å"frittered away by detail.† When I was in elementary school I would watch ants and ponder what theyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Henry David Thoreau s Walden 1183 Words   |  5 PagesHenry David Thoreau will go down in history as one of the greatest influential writer’s and philosophers in American history. Not only was he a smart and intelligent man, but he had such wisdom and determination when he looked at every aspect of life. Thoreau was just an ordinary individual from Concord, which helped the readers relate to him on a more personal level when they read his work. In Thoreau’s Walden, he wanted the reader to understand that you should live life more simple, connect withRead MoreHenry David Thoreau: The Grat Transcendentalist Essay1932 Words   |  8 PagesHenry David Thoreau along with a select group of people propelled the short movement of transcendentalism during the 1830s to the 1850s and was later brought up during the Vietnam War. Many of the transcendentalist ideas came from student who attended Harvard University during this time period. Henry David Thoreau’s individualistic anarchist views on society were developed throughout his early life and later refined in his years of solitude; these views on society and government are directly expressedRead MoreThe Effect Of Transcendentalism : Henry David Thoreau1654 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of Transcendentalism: Henry David Thoreau Transcendentalism is the American literary, political, and philosophical movement of the early nineteenth century that was rooted in the pure Romanticism of the English and the German (Goodman). Ralph Waldo Emerson is considered the father of Transcendentalism because his literature is the first to praise the notable spirituality of nature. The basic belief of the movement is to live authentically; being true to oneself (Day). The movement itselfRead MoreTranscendentalism And Its Impact On Society1491 Words   |  6 Pagesmovement during the 1820’s through 1830’s, ideology was widely changed for the people who believed in such a movement, this took place in the Eastern United States. Since this was such an early era, not many people could agree on the same two things, which is why so many ideas arose during the period of time within the United States. Two famous minds from this time period were none other than Ralph Waldo Emerson, who came first and later led to the t eaching of Henry David Thoreau, the two most brilliantRead MoreThe Emergence Of Self Concept1489 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment process gradually starts in the early months of life and is formed through connections and encounters. I believe that self-concept is a scholarly thought which does not originate from nature, rather a result of social collaboration. Anybody s past cooperation with others demonstrates that individual how they ought to see themselves in routes not the same as the ways others see them. This is also apparent across other cultures and borders. This concept is found deeply rooted in American cultureRead MoreTranscendentalism : The And The Movement1027 Words   |  5 Pagesoccurred during the 1820s, and 1830s. List 5 major authors associated with the movement Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Explain what Transcendentalist believed about each of the following topics: Human Nature They were to live independently, all you need is your mind, knowledge is born with. They also believed that an institution isn t necessary, and it s better to live independently. Truth A system of thought based, on a belief of the essential unity of allRead MoreYour Freedom Is Not Free Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pagesthemselves from whatever shackles limited them from reaching their potentials, both literally and figuratively. Henry David Thoreau, Fredrick Douglass, and Ralph Waldo Emerson are exemplary writers of the nineteenth century who strove to articulate not only the ideas of freedom and justice, but also the means by which these ideals, which they themselves acted upon, might be realized. Thoreaus Walden and Resistance to Civil Government, Douglasss Narrative, and Emersons The American Scholar areRead MoreThe Great Traversers By Ralph Waldo Emerson2868 Words   |  12 PagesThe Great Traversers (A detailed look into three transcendental ideas, as presented by Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau) In this spirit I have just discovered Emerson. For forty years I have known something about him, of course—that he was a mystical philosopher; the apostle of transcendentalism in America†¦.† (Abbot, lines 9-10). From within the text of the author of this quote, it can be seen the shear praise and gratitude held for a man by the name of Ralph Waldo Emerson. EmersonRead MoreEssay about The Works of E. B. White1540 Words   |  7 Pagesknown as the The New Yorker appeared. White wanted a job there, so he decided to send in an essay of his and it was soon published. Soon after, he was offered a job. According to S. Ward, his writing helped make The New Yorker a success. White’s most important literary influence was Henry David Thoreau, the author of Walden: Or, Life In The Woods and it was the only book that White cared about owning (Bill Delaney). According to Delaney, Thoreau’s subtle humor and individualistic philosophy has influencedRead MoreSurface: the Key to Understanding Moby-dick Essay2304 Words   |  10 PagesWorks: The effect of projection is to isolate the subject from his environment, since instead of a real relation to it there is now only an illusionary one. Projections change the world into the replica of ones own unknown face. In the last analysis, therefore, they lead to an autoerotic or autistic condition in which one dreams a world whose reality remains forever unattainable. (9) For Ahab, the identity that he has projected upon himself is that of a being superior to Moby Dick. If Moby

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Early Memory Free Essays

Both are about immigration and their life. Even though it was hard but with good memories. Like all Immigrant, they came to this country for better 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Early Memory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Alice Walker â€Å"Beauty: When the Other Dancer Is the self† 55-61 3. Annie Dullard An American Childhood† 110-116 Respond: Analyze Dullard’s character study of her mother – Indirectly, of herself 4. Exercise earlier memory – Chinese New Year Memories of Chinese New Year Growing up hap meant celebrating the Lunar New Year with my Chinese side of the family each winter. My mom would pull out the silk Chicagoans and mandarin- larded coats she kept in a cedar chest that smelled of mothballs. Opening it up was like peering into a long lost past. Once dressed in our festive outfits, we’d pile into the family’s red Arrestor Van, drive downtown on the winding 110 Pasadena Freeway, taking the off ramp that exits directly onto Hill Street, and park in the cool concrete structure beneath our destination: Empress Pavilion, the largest, most cacophonous dim sum hall you’re ever likely to see. There we’d meet up with the Gee clan?Grandpa wearing his favorite trucker hat, Grandma in her finest red sweatshirt, and the rest of my many aunts and uncles? and together we’d wait patiently for the hostess to call our paper number over the loud speaker, first in Chinese, then in English. Grandma Gee would greet my brother and I with lucky red envelopes or handbag stuffed with $20 bills (these and the special Chinese New Year candles we got were some of the many reasons I looked forward to the holiday). Then wed fill up on dim sum favorites: ha gag (shrimp dumplings small, egg custard tarts, bamboo-wrapped bundles of glutinous rice and lapsing, and perhaps mom Chinese broccoli for good measure. The trick to getting what you want at dim sum (as In life) Is all about body language, regardless of whether you know the names of the dishes. Want those freshly steamed chaw slug ABA (BBC pork buns) In your belly? Don’t be shy. Throw that dim sum punch card in the air and flag down that cart as if the cart with dishes that no one wants?Just shake your head and give her the â€Å"no thank you† wave. As a little girl I accepted these festivities as par for the course, not quite realizing that most American families did not celebrate Chinese New Year. As an adult, and as someone who has many Chinese and Chinese American friends, the tradition has become a conscious and well-cemented part of my life. And I never miss an occasion for gathering friends and family around a table filled with good food and good times. After all, dim sum translates literally to mean â€Å"a little bit of heart. † Memories of Chinese New Year in old times In my memory, the Chinese New Year was always the time when we ate good food, wore new clothes and visited relatives. Those things never seem to change, but hinging back through my memories of growing up in China I see that actually a lot has changed. I grew up in Beijing in a not very tradition-oriented family during the Cultural Revolution. At that time, although we did celebrate the Chinese New Year, some traditions were not followed as much as they used to be ? and as they are now. I remember the Chinese New Year was the only time when we could eat dumplings, lots of meat, and other good food. My parents’ work units (Dan wet, that’s how Chinese call their companies or institutions they work at) give them free or low ricer food. We could store them for a whole month. Before the New Year, we shopped to buy new clothes for everyone. I was so happy that I could wear new clothes again! We also cleaned up our small apartment and did all the laundry prior to the arrival of the New Year. We didn’t decorate our home that much except for putting up revolution couplets such as â€Å"Follow Chairman Mao, Always Go Forward†. On New Year’s Eve, we all sat together and made dumplings. I learned to make dumplings before I went to primary school. While making dumplings, we chatted about everything. My uncles and aunts who were single also spent time with us. It was so much fun. Besides the dumplings, we only had one or two other side dishes. We didn’t have a TV, so we entertained ourselves. After eating dumplings, we went out to set off firecrackers. Especially at midnight, all firecrackers went off at the same time. It was loud! Children enjoyed them so much! During the New Year, I wore new clothes to visit relatives and ate good food at their houses. They came to visit us and ate good food at our home too. What was the good food? Pork, chicken, fish, which we didn’t eat so often during the year. We ate, chat, played, and had lots of fun! There were envelopes for children at that time and one dollar is big money for us. Since the asses, the Chinese living standard has improved a lot. Nowadays, we do not have to wait for the Chinese New Year to eat dumplings and meat. We eat good food and wear new clothes all year around. We also follow more traditions, such as decorating our doors or windows with paper-cuts and couplets with the very popular theme of greeting cards to relatives, friends, and even colleagues! During the Chinese New Year, we eat even better good food ? lots of seafood, vegetables, and we also drink imported liquors. For the New Year’s Eve dumpling dinner, we have ten or more dishes on the table. While making dumplings and having dinner, we chat less than in the old times because we all watch the Chinese New Year show on TV? it is one of the biggest shows in the year, Just like the Super Bowl in the U. S. Children cannot enjoy the fun of firecrackers anymore because fireworks and firecrackers are banned in the urban areas of major cities. But they have television! We still visit our relatives, but only the closest ones. Nowadays, with the development of telecommunication, those door-to-door visits are replaced by phone calls or pager greetings. Children do get red envelopes now, which sometimes consists of 100 to 500 Yuan ($12 – $60). It was lots of money for our time. My parents didn’t make that much money in a month! Like everything else, the New Year celebration has changed lots since I was little. But no matter what has changed, Chinese New Year is the happiest time for children, then and now! How to cite Early Memory, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

Madonnas Feminist Music and Videos

Question: Discuss about the Madonnas Feminist Music and Videos. Answer: Introduction Over the decade's music has helped in improving the welfare of a man. In addition to enhancing a man, life music has been used by various people to express the hidden meaning or message which could not be manifested directly. Through music, the boundaries of differences among diverse cultures portrayed by different people in the world have been made accessible. According to Lears Jackson (1985, p. 577), music also plays the critical roles in the human life. Through music, several artists are bale to express their creativity. Music can be used to send educative concepts to the target audience as it makes education more memorable, interesting and enjoyable. Music has been widely used as a language to pass information all over the world. Alternatively, music unites people and enables the oppressed, marginalized and vulnerable in the society to pass their message(Douglas Kellner, 1995, p. 29). It is through the fundamental roles played by the music in the life of the man whereby this pa per seeks to investigate, analyze and investigate To what extent did Madonna use her music and videos to express feminism?" It is a critical, evaluative and reflective paper. According to Madonna as cited by ( Guardian music, 2015) females form the group of the most marginalized in the society. To emphasize on this issue, Madonna noted that the empowerment of the feminist rights was even many miles behind that of the African Americans and gay people(Richard, 1997, p. 265). Although she sounded racist and discriminative in this issue, it can be concluded that she was to trying to portray how the oppressive of the women rights was a serious issue. Again, Madonna argued that women were expected by the society and community at large to conform to a certain behavior(Judith, 1990, p. 36). Failure to adopt the same the women were and some scenarios are seen as the outcast of the community(Hallstein Lynn, 1996, p. 132). For example, in one of the interviews Madonna witnessed that once she produced a video, there would be hullaballoo who produced the same. To avoid criticism and to make the video accepted Madonna had to lie that she co-produced it with another fa mous and known male artist. This is a true indication of how women were and are despised not only in the field of music but another disciplines. Furthermore, Madonna courageously declared that she was more comfortable when in the company of the gay community than in the group of men. This is because the gay community treated him with respect compared to the men who only view her as the object to satisfy the sexual desires. The Madonnas arguments seem real and applicable in the men dominated society. It is out of this basis whereby Madonna called for all people to unite in empowering the rights of the females in the society. This can be seen as the part of the long continuous journey which has been before; currently, it is, and in future, it will be for fighting for the welfare of the woman in the society. Therefore, this paper concludes that it is from the dissatisfactions mentioned above that fueled and motivated Madonna to jet in this journey of ensuring an equal society for all. To fulfill her ambitions of creating a society where women will have a recognizable place, Madonna used both her music and video clips to advance and spread feminist message not only to the America but other parts of the globe(Starr Waterman, 2003, p. 15). Even in the present day some of the feminist messages which were spread by this great musician are still at the fingertips of the members of the society(Tagg, 2009, p. 12 ). In some of her famous songs such as "Like a Virgin" and the "Material Girl" were widely used to popularize the feminine of the women. These songs got deeply ingrained in the minds of the high school's girls and helped greatly in ensuring the recognition of the women rights within the context of the institutions and organizations. This was beginning of Madonna's journey of fighting for the women rights through music and videos. It was in the 1980s when Madonna occupied her position in the industry of music and thus her feminists messages got the attention of many people including the high school girls who felt more oppressed by their fellow schoolmates and the larger society. For example, in one of her videos Papa Dont Preach got embraced by many teenage girls. The message to this video was that once a woman has admitted has made a mistake in life men should accept her as she is and stop reminding her of her past mistakes. This video was in collaboration with 16 and Pregnant, and it d enoted that the fathers should not to disown or quarrel their daughters when they have fallen pregnant as the result of teenage temptations(The PBH Network, 2015). According to Madonna by then teen moms were ashamed and it was regarded as the dirty secret yet the rate at which girls were getting pregnancy was very high. Madonna was determined, and her objective of ensuring fair and just society for all the gender types continued to gain momentum as the time progressed(Paglia, 1990). Through her songs and videos, Madonna continued to advance the feminism of the women by encouraging women to accept their sexuality and feel free and open to express it to other genders in the society(Gaugler, 2000, p. 5). According to Madonna that was the only way a woman position in the society could have been created and recognized as not only existing but also very fundamental and influential in the society(The PBH Network, 2015). Many scholars and women rights advocators have regarded Madonna as the one who established and implemented liberation of the women anthem. This is because the push for recognition and acceptance of the women rights was not widely appealing as for the case of the 1970s and 1980s. Like any other change which is likely to face resistant from the various stakeholders, Madonnas efforts were derailed by certain external forces. For example, her video by the name "Justify My Love" was banned from MTV. The allegations were that it was explicitly sexual. However, there are those came for hare defense. Authors such as Camille Paglia defended Madonna because she was a true feminist and was not acting for her interests but the majority of the American women(The PBH Network, 2015). This video is embraced by many for teaching young American women to be sexual and total female at the same time observing overall control of their lives. Through this video, she taught girls that all at the same time they should be funny, aggressive, ambitious, energetic, sensual, and attractive. According to The PBH Network (2015) through her influences on the young women, Madonna actions will be the future of the feminism. Nothing great comes on a silver plate and thus Madonna's fight of women rights has faced many counteracting forces(Gandhi, 2015). However, Madonna seemed to be smart it this field by using her music and videos to convince the critics and conservatives that the women have a very critical position in the society. For example, once Madonna created an antagonistic relationship with the press as well as the male pop stars when she published a book titled "Erotica." To get rid of this Madonna responded in the song and video "Human Nature." The video portrayed woman as the key pillar and an important leader in the society. This video is sexually explicit, and thus it has still continued to receive criticism from the part of the society. The continued criticism from the society portrays a true nature that women should be punished when they fail to conform to what is expected of them even if they are exercising the same within the limits of their rights. To prove the position of the feminists in the society, Madonna has been acting the same way the male do, and this has created anger to the male artist(Gandhi, 2015). However, this paper notes that Madonna has been doing this to prove that feminism and masculine are equal and hence should have the same place in the society. Conclusion Through Madonna's actions of feminism, the girl child is slowly getting her position in the society. She has taught the young girls that it is fine to be like a boy and thus they can dress as their fellow male counterparts. Madonna notes that for a girl to dress same as a boy it looks like a promotion but for a boy to dress like a girl it seems disregarding. She attributed this act to the belief by men that women are inferior. Given the fact the girls of Madonna's music and videos generation are approximately at the ages forties and fifties they still have that strength of a woman. They developed self-empowerment attribute and it is their core responsibility to transfer the same to the current generation of young girls. Madonna played her part when there was a need, and hence her messages should not be allowed to rot but instead advanced to the many generations to come. From the analysis of Madonna's music and video, it has come out clearly that she used the same to empower the right s of the women. Through her efforts, the feminism has gotten a position in the society, and the pride and strength of the women are growing strong within the young women. References Guardian music, 2015. Madonna: Women are the most marginalized group in society. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/mar/12/madonna-women-are-the-most-marginalised-group-in-society [Accessed 19 November 2016]. Douglas Kellner, 1995. Media Culture: Cultural Studies, Identity andPolitics Between the Modern and Postmodern. London: Routledge. Gandhi, N., 2015. Madonna Is A True Feminist Icon You Need To Pay Attention To What She's Saying. [Online] Available at: https://www.refinery29.com/2015/03/83104/madonna-rebel-heart-feminism-interview [Accessed 19 November 2016]. Gaugler, A., 2000. Madonna, an American pop icon of feminism and counter-hegemony: blurring the boundaries of race, gender, and sexuality, Lehigh: Lehigh University. Hallstein, D. Lynn, O., 1996. Feminist Assessment ofEm~cipatory Potential and Madonna's Contradictory Gender Practices. Quarterly Journal ofSpeech, Volume 82, pp. 125-141. Judith, B., 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion ofIdentity. New York: Routledge. Lears, T. Jackson, J., 1985. The Concept ofHegemony: Problems and Possibilities. American Historical Review, Volume 90, pp. 567-93. Paglia, C., 1990. Madonna -- Finally, a Real Feminist. [Online] Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/14/opinion/madonna-finally-a-real-feminist.html [Accessed 19 November 2016]. Richard, D., 1997. "Heterosexuality." Lesbian and Gay Studies: A Critical Introduction. Ed. Andy Medhurst and Sally K Munt. London and Washington: Cassell. Starr, L. Waterman, C. A., 2003. American Popular Music: From Minstrelsy to MTV. New York: Oxford University Press. Tagg, P., 2009. Everyday Tonality. New York: The Mass Media Scholars Press. The PBH Network, 2015. The Evolution Of Madonnas Feminist Message. [Online] Available at: https://all-that-is-interesting.com/madonna-feminist-message [Accessed 19 November 2016].